介绍:
Public private partnership can address virtually any public need, from the provisions of water and waste water to the creation of transportation, energy and urban infrastructure generally. They can be a means for economic development to the basics of providing social services to the public that they serve. Over the last several decades Europe and other regions have paid particular focus to Ps and this trend toward embracing private participation and investment in public projects has gained significant traction in the U.S. as well. In fact there has been a swirl of recent discussion and attention paid to these projects and this mode of providing services.
It is possible that it cannot have come at a better time, global infrastructure is projected to require an estimated 57 trillion dollars in investment by 2030 with much of that being needed in developing countries. Experts and officials worldwide continue to struggle with how to meet those needs and Maryland is no exception to the rule. In 2002 the United Nations announced its Millennium Development goals. The goals were established to guide global and regional development efforts and encourage progress in a number of areas: eradiate extreme hunger and poverty, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global partnership generally for development. Each goal had its specific targets such as reducing the under five child mortality rate by two thirds and it also contained indicators by which these specific targets would be measured such as modern mortality rates compiled by the United Nations Children’s Fund, also known as UNICEF, and the World Health Organization. So in all that time three targets were met and that’s just three targets within the eight generalized goals. So many goals remain unmet.
It indicates that a lot more work is still needed. With this unfinished agenda the United Nations is setting the course for the near future and looking this fall to post a 2015 Development Agenda at a 2010 high level plenary meeting of UN General Assembly the United Nations General established a task team to begin planning for the new agenda. The process of establishing the new goals contains many contributors *110 but the key consultations include both nation, regional and global input from both developed and developing countries and public the public private sector.
It’s expected that this process will culminate with the UN adopting the new post 2015 Development Agenda at a special summit on sustainable development in NY in September of this year. All of you can attend if you are interested, I will actually be there so if you are interested in the subject I encourage you to attend. With the lofty goals of the 2015 Development Agenda, the goals being set in New York in just a few short months, it’s clear that international development challenges remain largely the same. The global community is faced with a population that is continuing to expand and it’s expected to reach 7 billion in the near future and it may reach 9 billion by 2050.
Developing countries and transitional economies continue to grow and developing economies require more resources and infrastructure to sustain that growth. Virtually every region of the globe continues to experience rapid urbanization as well. This places an even greater amount of stress on the infrastructure and the systems that are required to service all those populations. In developed countries existing infrastructure is aging, that is the case in the U.S. it’s one of the reasons why we are looking at P. Replacement or new infrastructure is needed all the time and on the other side, in developing countries critical infrastructure is often insufficient or non-existent. As a result global economic and population growth will tax our existing resources and infrastructure to ever greater levels.
The world economic forum believes that to support a future global population of 9 billion people approximately 5 trillion U.S. dollars per year needs to be invested in global infrastructure. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development estimates the financing gap to achieve all of that will expand to 36 trillion dollars before 2030. That’s approximately 24 trillion dollars of funds already earmarked for infrastructure before 2030 and an estimated 60 trillion that’s needed overall. So to meet those needs officials are scrambling to respond and seeking public sector capacity and development.
Many experts believe innovative approaches like public private partnerships can address these heightened demands. They see as an important tool in accomplishing the post 2015 development agenda and generally the needs of the future. However in order to reap the rewards of P proponents must be more precise with how they promote them. After all as a government lawyer P are simply another form of public contract and they occur within the context of public laws as well as public administrative systems. Understanding this limitation one realizes that P may or may not be the panacea for public international development. There are constraints on what these projects can achieve.
*111 So my article seeks to shed light on the true nature of P by exploring some of the common descriptions of public private partnerships. It suggests that while convenient, descriptions are often insufficient and that P need to be accurately defined as contracts arising from a distinctly public process and occurring within a distinctly public administrative environment. In my article I discuss differences in public laws and administrative approaches, with various national examples of current public private partnerships provided. I also reference various national and international efforts for establishing effective public private partnership institutions and supporting Pprojects generally. All leading up to the main conclusion; that public private partnerships are enabled yet constrained by the boundaries of public environment.
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