1. dismissal of previous discourse 弱化前面的内容
at least, anyway, anyhow, at any rate, in any case
at least: 尽管其他方面是不好的,至少还有一点是好的。
• The car was completely smashed up. Well, at least no one was hurt.
• She may be slow but at least she&`&s reliable.
anyway, anyhow, at any rate, in any case 都是informal的表达,表示前面的观点无所谓,不重要, 接下来的才重要。
• I’m not sure when the meeting is gonna finish. Anyway/anyhow/at any rate/in any case, I will certainly be there by 9pm.
2. contradicting突出含有“否定/反面含义”的观点
on the contrary, quite the opposite
• She did not allow the accident to discourage her. On the contrary/quite the opposite, she began to work twice as hard.
• I read so many reviews saying the film was interesting. But you know how I felt after watching it? Quite the opposite, it was a complete waste of time.
3. return to previous subject 回到之前的话题
as I was saying ( to return to the previous point)
• I am such a foodie, especially when it comes to dessert, cheese cakes, chocolate brownies, macarons, I can’t have enough of them. I once had a three-day trip to France, I literally spent all of time in restaurants and cafés. Right, as I was saying, food is such an important part of my life…
4. adding 补充观点
formal: moreover, furthermore
What you can use: in addition, as well as that, what is more, also, besides, on top of that, another thing is
• She borrowed my bike and never gave it back. As well as that/on top of that/what is more/what’s worse, she broke the microscope in our lab and pretended she hadn’t.
5. generalising 概括、归纳
on the whole, in general, in all/most/many/some cases, broadly speaking, by and large, to a great extent, to some extent 分别用来表示你认为概括到什么程度
• By and large, Chinese people are peace-loving, law-abiding citizens.
• To a great extent, a person’s character is formed by the age of 8.
Apart/aside from..., except for…概括的例外
• She wrote all of the songs on the album except for the final track.
• Apart from/aside from the final track, all of the songs on the album were written by her.
• The songwriting — with a few minor exceptions — is of a very high quality.
• With the exception of the title track, this album is a huge disappointment.