介绍:
助 动 词
[学习目标]
掌握助动词的基本用法
[知识点总结]
一、定义
助动词是英语特有的一类词，它们本身一般没有词义，不能单独作谓语。其作用在于帮助实义动词构成谓语，表示时态、语态、语气等，构成疑问及否定形式。有以下几种：be(am, is, are, was, were, being, been), have(has, had, having), do(does, did), shall(should), will(would)。
二、用法
1、助动词be(am, is, are, was, were, being, been)
(1) be后跟现在分词构成进行时态
Who is playing the piano? 谁在弹钢琴？
She was reading a book then. 那时她正在读书。
(2) be后跟过去分词构成被动语态
He was asked to do the work. 有人要他干这件工作。
(3) be后跟动词不定式构成谓语：
a. 表示计划、安排将要发生的事。
They were to leave the following day. 他们将在第二天动身。
b. 肯定形式表示指示、命令，而否定形式表示禁止。
You are to see the headmaster today. 今天你必须去见校长。
Anybody is not to enter the room without permission.
未经允许任何人不能进入房间。
c. 表示义务、责任等，相当于should。
You are to be back before 5. 你得在5点钟以前回来。
d. 表示可能性，与情态动词may, can 同义。
Such books are to be found in any library. 这种书在任何图书馆都有。 2、助动词have(has, had, having)
(1) 助动词have 可以构成完成时或完成进行时
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
I have been studying English for 10 years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
(2) 和动词不定式构成谓语，表示客观上不得不做的事情
We’ ve missed the train. We’ ll have to wait for another one.
我们已经误了火车，只能等下一辆了。
3、助动词do(does, did)
(1) 构成疑问句或否定句
How did you know about it? 你是怎么知道这件事的？
He likes music, doesn’t he? 他喜欢音乐，对吧？
(2) 用来加强语气
Do come and see us. 一定要来看我们。
(3) 代替前面刚出现的动词，避免重复
He speaks English as fluently as she does. 他英语讲得和她一样流利。
(4) 用于倒装句
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
(5) 构成否定的祈使句
Don’t be so proud. 不要那么骄傲。
4、shall(should)和will(would)
(1) shall(should)用于第一人称的将来时态中，单纯表示将来
When shall I see you again? 我何时再见到你？
(2) will只用于第二人称和第三人称的将来时态中
He will be 30 next month. 他下个月30岁。
You will have an English test tomorrow. 明天你们有一场英语测验。
(3) 在现代英语中， 所有的人称都可以使用will(would)来表示将来时态
Will I see you again? 我还要见你吗？
[课堂练习]
一、请用助动词be和do的恰当形式填空。
1. What _______ they doing in the dining room?
2. What _______ you do yesterday?
3. ______ he late yesterday morning?
4. I ______ going to be a teacher in the future.
5. How many students _______ there in your class?
6. ______ the globe on the bookshelf? Yes, it is.
7. He said yesterday he _______ going to shopping with his mother.
8. _______ he go shopping with his wife on the weekend?
9. ---What ______ he drawing in the bedroom?
---He’s drawing a mouse.
10. ---_______ your mother a doctor?
---No, she is a boss in a big company.
11. He ________ (not) know anything about his family.
12. He ________ (not) go to the concert yesterday.
13. They ________ (not) at home last week, they went to the countryside.
14. Look! There ________ some children playing in the park.
15. He _______ a boss two years ago, and now he _______ the president of the country.
16. They ________ not on time for the train the other day, and they _______ late. What a shame!
17. There is going to ________ a football match next week.
18. Mr. and Mrs. Sato ________ (not) live in Tokyo last year, but now they _______ living there.
19. Where ________ your father from? And where ________ your mother come from?
20. Maria _______ not a student. She ________ working for an advertising company now.
系 动 词
[学习目标]
掌握系动词的基本用法
[知识点总结]
一、定义
系动词亦称连系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明： 有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。
He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）
He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。（fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。） 二、 二、分类
1、状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2、持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
3、表像系动词：用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4、感官系动词：感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,look。
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
5、变化系动词：这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
6、 终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实 "， "变成"之意。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
注意事项：
1、be是最重要的系动词，主语不同，be的形式也不同，且有时态的变化。
通常表示主语的特征、状态和身份等，后面接形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、v-ing、过去分词及表语从句作表语。
(1)“be+过去分词”构成的系表结构与“be+过去分词”构成的被动语态的区别：
前者侧重于表示主语的特征或所处的状态，通常没有由by引导的介词短语;
后者侧重于强调主语是谓语动词所示动作的承受者，表示动作,句中可以用由by引导的介词短语。The door was closed. The door was closed by me.
(2)“be+ V-ing构成的系表结构与“be+ V-ing”构成的进行时态的区别：
前者侧重于说明主语具有的特征或存在的状态，也可说明主语是什么;
后者侧重于强调主语正在做某事。
My job is teaching English. Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now.
2、由行为动词转化成的系动词：
(1) 表示人体感官的系动词有sound，taste，look，feel，smell等，后接形容词；
(2) 表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词有become，get，go，turn，run，grow，come，fall，prove等，后面接形容词、名词或 to be+形容词，become后面接单数名词时，名词前要用不定冠词，turn后面接单数名词时，名词前不用不定冠词；
(3) 表示主语继续或保持某种身份、特征或状态的系动词有continue，keep，remain，stay，stand lie，rest，stay等，后面接表示状态的形容词；
(4) 表示判断的系动词有seem和appear，后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、that-clause、不定式等。
3、系动词的固定搭配。常见的有come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild等。
[课堂练习]
（一）选择填空：
1. My brother ____ a teacher. He ____ his pupils very much.
A. is， like B. is， likes C. are， likes D. are， like
2. I ____ tired last night.
A. became B. felt C. looked D. am
3. Her face ____ pale（苍白）when she heard the bad news.
A. got B. is C. turned D. was
4. You ____ pale. What's wrong with you？
A. turn B. seem C. look D. become
5. Which ____ bigger， the sun or the moon？
A. are B. is C. be D. ×
6. Neither she nor I ____ a doctor.
A. am not B. am C. are D. is
7. I ____ a worker next year.
A. am B. will be C. be D. will
8. Her voice ____ like my mother's.
A. sounds B. sound C. looks D. look
9. It often rains and the crops ____ fast.
A. get B. turn C. grow D. become
10. The teacher's smile made me ____ better.
A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt
（二）用smell，taste，go，get，become，grow，seem，look，feel，turn的适当形式填空：
1. You _ _ __ very young.
2. At first those questions_ _ __easy， but later I found them difficult.
3. After the sports meeting， he _ _ __very tired.
4. My younger brother _ _ __a student last year.
5. When we_ _ __ up， we're going to help build up our country.
6. The flowers _ _ __very sweet.
7. Her face _ _ __red.
8. Jack _ _ __very happy.
9. The mooncake _ _ __good.
10. The meat_ _ __bad.
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