一. there用法
1.there be结构的主谓一致
在英语里表示什么地方或时间存在什么事情就用此结构,句子的结尾往往带有地点状语或时间状语。其中there是引导词,本身没有词意,be是谓语动词,be后面的名词是主语。be的数与后面的名词一致,若be后是两个或多个并列的名词,be则与靠得最近的那个名词的数一致。如:
There was a meeting yesterday. 昨天有个会议。
There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔、两本书和好些铅笔。
比较:There are two books, a pen and many pencils on the desk.
2. there be与have的比较
(1) 用法不同:there be 表示某个时间或地方“存在”某人或某物,而have表示主语“拥有”某人或某物,作宾语的某人或某物属主语所有。
(2) 结构不同:there be + sb./sth. +时间/地点(副词或介词短语);sb./sth. + have +sb./sth. else
There are some children in the garden.花园里有几个孩子。
She has three cars. 她拥有三辆汽车。(汽车是属于她的)
注:若是部分与整体关系时,有时用两种表达方式都可以。如:
A week has seven days. =There are seven days in a week. 一周有七天。
3. there be的否定和疑问
(1) 否定式:be后面加not(any)或no。如:
There are not any boats on the river. 河上没有船。
(2) 疑问句:是把be移到there的前面来。如:
Are there any boat on the river? 河上有船吗?
Yes, there are..(No, there are not.) 有。(没有。)
注:若有别的助动词时就不一样了,请看:
There won’t be a football match tomorrow, will there? 明天没有足球赛,对吗?
There usedn’t to be a tall tree here, used/didn’t ther? 以前这里有棵高树,是不是?
There seems to be something wrong with you, doesn’t there? 你好像有些不舒服,对吗?
There happened to be a well there, didn’t there? 那里碰巧有口井,是不是?
4. there be结构的时态
there be结构有不同的时态,而且可以和各种助动词或情态动词连用。如:
There was a sport meeting in the playground yesterday. 昨天运动场举行了一场运动会。
There will be (=There is going to be) a new film show on Monday. 星期一将有一场新电影放。
There is to be a concert at the school hall. 学校礼堂有场音乐会。
There have been a lot of accidents round here. 这里已经发生多起事故了。
He told me that there had been an argument between them. 他告诉我们之间发生了一场争论。
There will have been a definite result by Friday. 到星期五前就已经有明确的结果了。
There must be a mistake somewhere. 一定在什么地方有错误。
There must have been a rain last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚一定下了雨,因为地是湿的。
5. there be结构的变体
该结构中,有时be还可以被live, exist, lie, stand, seem, rise, remain, happen, come, go等动词代替。如:
Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 从前,在海边的一个村子里住着一个老人。
There remained just twenty-eight pounds. 只剩二十八英镑了。
There seems little doubt that he is insane. 似乎没有多少疑问他的神经不正常。
6. there be的非限定形式
there be的非限定形式是there to be和there being,主要用来做介词或动词的宾语、主语或状语。如:
Have you ever thought of there being so many interesting films for you to choose from?没想到过有这么多有趣的电影供你选择吧?
John was relying on there being another opportunity. 约翰相信另有机会。
There being a bus stop so near my house is a great advantage. 有公交车停在离我房子这么近的地方是很大的优势。
There having been no rain, the ground was dry. 由于没有下雨,地上很干燥。
It’s unusual for there to be so few people in the street. (=It’s unusual that there are so few people in the street) 这条街上这么少的人是不寻常的。
It was too late for there to be any subways. 太晚了,不会有地铁了。
Would you like there to be a meeting to discuss the problem? 你们要开个会讨论一下这个问题吗?
I don’t want there to be a simple mistake in the article that I have written. 我不想我写的这篇文章中有错误。
I except there to be no argument about this. 我期限望对此事没有争论的。
注:there to be常做like, expect, mean, want, intend, prefer, hate等的复合宾语。
7. there be的固定句型
There be +名词或代词+to do (+介词) 有某事要做
There be + some/no+ trouble/difficulty ( in) doing sth/with sth. 做某事(没)有困难
There be + some/no + doubt about/as to sth / that… 对某事(没)有疑问
There is no sense/use/good/point (in) doing sth 做某事没有道理/用处/好处/意义
There is no need (for sb.) to do sth/that… (某人)做某事没有必要
There is no chance/possibility to do sth/of doing sth./that… 没有做某事的机会/可能性
There was no arguing with her. 没法和她争辩。
There is a time when...有做某事的一段时间
二. It的用法
“It”在英语中用法非常广泛,但也容易被人误用。笔者现将其常见用法做一简要介绍。
一、作为代词的it
1. 用作人称代词,代替前文提到过的事物。
The frog is not a warm-blooded animal.
It’s a cold-blooded one.
2. 用以代替提示代词this, that。
— What’s this? —It’s a flag.
— Whose exercise book is that? — It’s here.
3. 起指示代词的作用,指一个人或事物。
— Who is knocking at the door? — It’s me.
— Who is making such a noise? — It must be the children.
4. 指环境情况等。
It was very quiet (noisy) at the moment.
5. 指时间,季节等。
— What time is it? — It is eight o’clock.
6. 指天气或气候。
It often rains in summer.
It’s very cold today, isn’t it?
7. 指距离。
It is five kilometers from the office to my home.
It is a long way to the factory.
二、作为引导词的it
1.作形式主语。
当动词不定式(或不定式的复合结构)、动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语。例如:
It is not easy to finish the work in two days.
It is not a good habit to stay up late.
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
It is a pity that you didn’t read the book.
2. 作形式宾语。
当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句时, 往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面,而用it作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前。例如:
I think it no use arguing with him.
I found it very interesting to study English.
He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
3. 用于强调结构。
要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语、状语、宾语),可以把it 作先行词。这种句子的结构是 “It is (was)+被强调部分+that (who) +句子的其余部分.” 如果被强调的部分是人, 可用who, whom代替that, 例如:
It is Prof. Lin who / that teaches us English.(强调主语)
It is English that Prof. Lin teaches us.(强调宾语)
It was in Shanghai that I saw the film.(强调状语)
It was in 1975 that I worked in a factory.(强调状语)